System and method for finding and classifying lines in an image with a vision system

ABSTRACT

This invention provides a system and method for finding line features in an image that allows multiple lines to be efficiently and accurately identified and characterized. When lines are identified, the user can train the system to associate predetermined (e.g. text) labels with respect to such lines. These labels can be used to define neural net classifiers. The neural net operates at runtime to identify and score lines in a runtime image that are found using a line-finding process. The found lines can be displayed to the user with labels and an associated probability score map based upon the neural net results. Lines that are not labeled are generally deemed to have a low score, and are either not flagged by the interface, or identified as not relevant.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/338,445, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR FINDING LINES IN AN IMAGE WITH A VISION SYSTEM, filed Oct. 31, 2016, which claims the benefit of co-pending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/249,918, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR FINDING LINES IN AN IMAGE WITH A VISION SYSTEM, filed Nov. 2, 2015, the teachings of each of which applications is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to machine vision systems, and more particularly to vision system tools that find line features in acquired images

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Machine vision systems (also termed herein, simply “vision systems”) are used for a variety of tasks in manufacturing, logistics, and industry. Such tasks can include surface and part inspection, alignment of objects during assembly, reading of patterns and ID codes, and any other operation in which visual data is acquired and interpreted for use in further processes. Vision systems typically employ one or more cameras that acquire images of a scene containing an object or subject of interest. The object/subject can be stationary or in relative motion. Motion can also be controlled by information derived by the vision system, as in the case of manipulation of parts by a robot.

A common task for a vision system is finding and characterizing line features in an image. A variety of tools are used to identify and analyze such line features. Typically, these tools rely upon a sharp contrast difference that occurs in a portion of the image. This contrast difference is analyzed using e.g. a caliper tool to determine if the individual points in the image with contrast difference can be assembled into a line-like feature. If so, then a line is identified in the image. Notably, the tools that find edge points and those that attempt to fit a line to the points act independently of each other. This increases processing overhead and decreases reliability. Where an image contains multiple lines, such tools may be limited in ability to accurately identify them. Furthermore, traditional, line-finding tools that are designed to find a single line in an image can be problematic to use when the image contains multiple closely spaced lines with similar orientation and polarity.

Another challenge is that lines of an object may sometimes be occluded or unclear in an acquired image. The user may be unsure as to the identity of found lines, and mechanisms that allow discrete identification of such, can involve the writing of sophisticated rules and scripts, which adds time and cost to a vision system setup and training task.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention overcomes disadvantages of the prior art by providing a system and method for finding line features in an image that allows multiple lines to be efficiently and accurately identified and characterized. When lines are identified, the user can train the system to associate predetermined (e.g. text) labels with respect to such lines. These labels (also termed herein “tags”) can be used to define neural net classifiers. The neural net operates at runtime to identify and score lines in a runtime image that are found using a line-finding process. The found lines can be displayed to the user with labels and an associated probability score map based upon the neural net results. Lines that are not labeled are generally deemed to have a low score, and are either not flagged by the interface, or identified as not relevant.

In an illustrative embodiment, a system and method for finding line features in an acquired image, based upon images acquired by one or more cameras, is provided. The system and method includes a vision system processor, and an interface associated with the vision system processor, that allows creation of discrete labels with respect to relevant lines located by a line-finding process in a training image of the object. A runtime line-finding process locates lines in an acquired image and a neural net process employs one or more classifier(s), based on the labels, to determine a probability map for line features relative to the labels. A runtime result-generation process provides labels and probability scores for at least one of the relevant lines. Illustratively, the runtime result-generation process provides probability scores for non-relevant lines, and/or includes an interface that highlights lines and provides the probability scores associated with the highlighted lines. The probably score map can be similar in size to the acquired image. The line-finding process can comprise a processor that receives image data of a scene containing line features, having an edge point extractor that (a) computes a gradient vector field from the image data, (b) projects the gradient vector field over a plurality of gradient projection sub-regions, and (c) finds a plurality of edge points in respective of the gradient projection sub-regions based on the projected gradient data. The processor also comprises a line-finder that generates a plurality of lines that are consistent with the edge points extracted from the image. Illustratively, the line-finder operates a RANSAC-based process to fit inlier edge points to new lines including iteratively defines lines from outlier edge points with respect to previously defined lines. The gradient field projection can be oriented along a direction set in response to an expected orientation of one or more or the line features and/or can define a granularity based on a Gaussian kernel. The edge point extractor can be arranged to find a plurality of gradient magnitude maxima in each of the gradient projection sub-regions. The gradient magnitude maxima are respectively identified as some of the plurality edge points, being described by a position vector and a gradient vector. The line-finder can also be arranged to determine consistency between at least one edge point of the extracted plurality of edge points and at least one candidate line of the found plurality of lines by computing a metric that is based upon a distance of the at least one edge point from the at least one candidate line and an angle difference between a gradient direction of the at least one edge point and a normal direction of the at least one candidate line. Illustratively, the image data includes data from a plurality of images acquired from a plurality of cameras. The images are thereby transformed into a common coordinate space.

In an illustrative embodiment, a system for finding line features in an acquired image based upon one or more cameras is provided. The system and method includes a vision system processor and an interface associated with the vision system processor, which allows creation of discrete labels with respect to relevant lines located by a line-finding process in a training image of the object. A runtime line-finding process locates lines in an acquired image, and a statistical classifier or a K-NN classifier that produces the labels for the interface based upon lines located by the line-finding process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention description below refers to the accompanying drawings, of which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary vision system arrangement acquiring images of an object that includes multiple edge features and a vision system processor including an edge-finding tool/module and associated label interface processor/module in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an overview of the system and method for edge-point extraction and line-finding from an acquired image according to an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an edge point extraction procedure according to the system and method of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a field projection on a region of an image containing edge features, which is part of the edge point extraction procedure of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing application of a Gaussian kernel to the image to smooth the image, for use in the edge point extraction procedure of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a field projection, including application of a Gaussian kernel for smoothing of the projection, for use in the edge point extraction procedure of FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a graphical overview of the edge point extraction procedure of FIG. 3 including application of Gaussian kernels and calculation of absolute and normalized contrast thresholds for edge points;

FIG. 8 is graph showing a region of qualified contrasts for edge points having a sufficient absolute contrast threshold and normalized contrast threshold;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a line-finding procedure based upon found edge points in FIG. 3, using an exemplary RANSAC process according to an illustrative embodiment;

FIGS. 10 and 11 are diagrams showing erroneous and correct alignment of edge points relative to closely spaced parallel line features, respectively;

FIGS. 12 and 13 are diagrams showing correct and erroneous alignment of edge points relative to crossing line features, respectively, which can be resolved according to the line-finder of the illustrative system and method;

FIGS. 14-17 are diagrams showing examples of lines exhibiting, respectively, light-to-dark polarity, dark-to-light-polarity, either light-to-dark or dark-to-light polarity, or mixed polarity, which can be resolved according to the line-finder of the illustrative system and method;

FIG. 18 is a diagram showing modification of the coverage score for a found line in view of a user-defined mask;

FIG. 19 is a flow diagram showing a procedure for training a line-finder tool using an interface that includes labels/tags referring to lines of interest in an object image;

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an exemplary user interface display, including dialog boxes and an image of a training object having lines of interest, used for performing the training procedure of FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram of a runtime procedure for finding lines using the trained line-finder in accordance with FIG. 19, including the assigning of labels to lines of interest and (e.g. neural) net classifier-based probability scores to found lines;

FIG. 22 is a diagram showing an exemplary user interface display, including an image of an object having found lines based upon the line-finder runtime procedure according to FIG. 21, showing a label and probability score for a non-relevant line; and

FIG. 23 is a diagram showing an exemplary user interface display, including an image of an object having found lines based upon the line-finder runtime procedure according to FIG. 21, showing a label and probability score for a line of interest.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. System Overview

An exemplary vision system arrangement 100 that can be employed according to an illustrative embodiment is shown in FIG. 1. The system 100 includes at least one vision system camera 110, and can include one or more additional, optional cameras 112 (shown in phantom). The illustrative camera(s) 110, 112 include(s) an image sensor (or imager) S and associated electronics for acquiring and transmitting image frames to a vision system process(or) 130 that can be instantiated in a standalone processor and/or a computing device 140. The camera 110 (and 112) includes an appropriate lens/optics 116 focused upon a scene that contains an object 150 under inspection. The camera 110 (and 112) can include internal and/or external illuminators (not shown) that operate in accordance with the image acquisition process. The computing device 140 can be any acceptable processor-based system capable of storing and manipulating image data in accordance with the illustrative embodiment. For example, the computing device 140 can comprise a PC (as shown), server, laptop, tablet, smartphone or other similar device. The computing device 140 can include appropriate peripherals, such as a bus-based image capture card that interconnects to the camera. In alternate embodiments, the vision processor can be partially or fully contained within the camera body itself and can be networked with other PCs, servers and/or camera-based processors that share and process image data. The computing device 140 optionally includes an appropriate display 142, which can support an appropriate graphical user interface (GUI) that can operate in accordance with vision system tools and processors 132 provided in the vision system process(or) 130. Note that a display can be omitted in various embodiments and/or provided only for setup and service functions. The vision system tools can be part of any acceptable software and/or hardware package that is acceptable for use in the inspection of objects, such as those commercially available from Cognex Corporation of Natick, Mass. The computing device can also include associated user interface (UI) components, including, for example, a keyboard 144 and mouse 146, as well as a touchscreen within the display 142.

The camera(s) 110 (and 112) image some or all of an object 150 located within the scene. Each camera defines an optical axis OA, around which a field of view is established based upon the optics 116, focal distance, etc. The object 150 includes a plurality of edges 152, 154 and 156 that are respectively arranged in different directions. For example, the object edges can comprise those of a cover glass mounted within a smartphone body. Illustratively, the camera(s) can image the entire object, or specific locations (e.g. corners where the glass meets the body). A (common) coordinate space can be established with respect to the object, one of the cameras or another reference point (for example a moving stage upon which the object 150 is supported). As shown, the coordinate space is represented by axes 158. These axes illustratively define orthogonal x, y and z axes and rotation Oz about the z axis in the x-y plane.

According to an illustrative embodiment, the vision system process 130 interoperates with one or more applications/processes (running on the computing device 140) that collectively comprise a set of vision system tools/processes 132. These tools can include a variety of conventional and specialized applications that are used to resolve image data—for example a variety of calibration tools and affine transform tools can be used to transform acquired image data to a predetermined (e.g. common) coordinate system. Tools that convert image grayscale intensity data to a binary image based upon a predetermined threshold can also be included. Likewise, tools that analyze the gradient of intensity (contrast) between adjacent image pixels (and subpixels) can be provided.

The vision system process(or) 130 includes a line-finding process, tool or module 134 that locates multiple lines in an acquired image according to an illustrative embodiment. Reference is, thus, made to FIG. 2, which graphically depicts an overview of a line-finding procedure 200 according to the illustrative embodiment. The procedure 200 consists of two primary parts. An input image 210 is provided to the processor. As shown, the image includes a pair of intersecting edges 212 and 214. These can represent a corner region of the above-described object 150. An edge point extractor 220 processes the input image 210 to obtain a set 230 of candidate edge points, including edge points 232 and 234 that respectively reside along edges 212 and 214. The edge points 232, 234, and their associated data (e.g. intensity gradient information described below), are provided to a recursive line-finder 240, which performs a series of iterative processes on selected edge points. The goal of the iterative processes is an attempt to fit other found edge points to candidate line features. The line-finding process 240 results in found lines 252 and 254 as shown. These results can be provided to other downstream processes 260 that use the information—e.g. alignment processes, robot manipulation, inspection, ID reading, part/surface inspection, etc.

II. Line-Finding Process(or)

Reference is made to FIG. 3, which describes a procedure for extracting edge points according to an embodiment. One or more images are acquired of the scene, which contains an object or surface having edge features to be found (step 310). The image(s) can be extracted by a single camera or by a plurality of cameras. In either case, the image pixels can be (optionally) transformed by appropriate calibration parameters to a new and/or common coordinate space in step 320. This step can also include smoothing of the image as described below. In certain embodiments, where a plurality of cameras image discontinuous regions of the scene—for example focusing on corner regions of a larger object—the common coordinate space can account for the empty region between camera fields of view. As described below, lines that extend between such fields of view (e.g. the object edge that connects two found corner regions) can be extrapolated by the system and method of the illustrative embodiment. The edge points required for finding lines are extracted from the image(s) in the appropriate coordinate space by the edge point extractor using gradient field projection in step 330. Gradient values are first computed for each pixel, generating two images for x and y gradient components. The image(s) are further processed by projecting the gradient field over many caliper-like regions. Unlike a conventional caliper tool which projects the intensity value, by projecting the gradient field in accordance with the embodiment, gradient orientation can be preserved, which facilitates the subsequent line-finding process as described below.

In step 340, and also referring to the diagram of FIG. 4, a portion (a caliper-like region) 400 of the image containing the candidate edge features is subjected to a gradient field projection (represented by a plurality of projections 410, 420, 430, searched across the (approximately) expected orientation of the edges in a search direction (arrow SD), with the projections repeated across the region 400 in an orthogonal projection direction (arrow PD). For each projection (e.g. projection 420) edges appear as local maxima in a gradient field 440 associated with the projection. In general, a series of edge points within the projection that are associated with an edge will exhibit an intensity gradient (vectors 552, 554) orthogonal to the direction of extension of the edge. As described below, the user can define the projection direction based on expected line orientation. Alternatively, this can be provided by default or by another mechanism—e.g. analysis of the features in the image.

Two granularity parameters are involved in the above-described gradient projection step. Prior to gradient field calculation, the user can choose to smooth the image using an isotropic Gaussian kernel. A first granularity determines the size of this Gaussian smoothing kernel. As shown in the diagram 500 of FIG. 5, an application of an appropriately sized Gaussian kernel (e.g. large 512, medium 514, small 516) is made to smooth the image 210. The first granularity parameter, hence, determines the size of the isotropic Gaussian smoothing kernel prior to field calculation.

After gradient field calculation, a Gaussian-weighted projection is thereby performed by the process, rather than uniform weighting in conventional caliper tools. Thus, a second granularity parameter determines the size of the one-dimensional (1D) Gaussian kernel used during field projection as shown in FIG. 6, in which the region 600 is subjected to a Gaussian-smoothed kernel 610, 620, 630. During a typical operation, the user verifies (using the GUI) all extracted edges overlaid on the image, and then adjusts the granularities and contrast thresholds until the number of extracted edges along the lines to be found appears satisfactory, while avoiding an excessive number of edges due to background noise in the image. In other words, this step allows the signal-to-noise ratio to be optimized for the image characteristic. This adjustment can also be performed automatically by the system, using a default value in various embodiments. Note that the use of a Gaussian weighting function is one of a variety of approaches for weighting the projection, including (e.g.) a uniform weighting.

The overall flow of gradient field extraction and projection is illustrated graphically in the diagram 700 of FIG. 7. The two granularity parameters, the isotropic Gaussian kernel 710 and the 1D Gaussian kernel 720, are each shown in each half of the overall diagram 700. As shown, each acquired image 210 is subjected to smoothing and decimation 730. The resulting image 740 is then subjected to gradient field calculation 750, as described above, to generate the two gradient images 752 and 754. These gradient images are also represented as g_(x) and g_(y), representing two orthogonal axes in the common coordinate space. Note that in addition to two gradient images, the intensity image 756 is also typically subjected to the smoothing, decimation and projection process 760 (using a Gaussian-weighted projection 770 based upon the 1D Gaussian kernel 720) since the processed intensity information is also employed for calculating normalized contrasts in accordance with an embodiment—described below. The result is the projection profiles of gradient images 772(g _(x)), 774 (g _(y)), and intensity image 776.

Referring also to step 350 of the procedure 300 (FIG. 3), qualified edge points are then extracted by combining the 1D projection profiles of both x & y gradient images. This is accomplished using a raw contrast calculation 780 and a normalized contrast calculation 790 based on the Intensity image. More particularly, any local peaks with both raw projected gradient magnitudes and normalized projected gradient magnitudes exceeding respective thresholds are considered a candidate edge point for subsequent line-finding according to the following illustrative equations:

(g _(x) ² +g _(y) ²)^(1/2) >T _(ABS)

(g _(x) ² +g _(y) ²)^(1/2) /I>T _(NORM)

where g_(x) and g_(y) are the values of the x-gradient and y-gradient projections at a pixel location, respectively, I the intensity, T_(ABS) an absolute contrast threshold for raw projected gradient magnitudes and T_(NORM) is a normalized contrast threshold for intensity-normalized projected gradient magnitudes.

Notably, a point is only considered a candidate edge point when its absolute and normalized contrasts both exceed their respective thresholds. This is shown by the upper right quadrant 810 in the exemplary graph 800 of normalized contrast threshold T_(NORM) versus absolute contrast threshold T_(ABS). The use of dual (absolute and normalized) thresholds differs generally from existing approaches that typically employ an absolute contrast threshold. The benefits of dual contrast thresholds are clear, by way of example, when an image includes both dark and bright intensity regions that both include edges of interest. In order to detect edges in dark regions of the image, it is desirable to set a low contrast threshold. However, such a low contrast setting can result in the detection of false edges in the bright portions of the image. Conversely, in order to avoid the detection of false edges in the bright regions of the image, it is desirable to set a high contrast threshold. However, with a high contrast setting, the system may fail to adequately detect edges in dark regions of the image. By using a second normalized contrast threshold, in addition to the traditional absolute contrast threshold, the system can appropriately detect edges both in dark and bright regions, and avoid detecting false edges in bright regions of the image. Hence, by enabling the detection of relevant edges while avoiding spurious edges, the use of dual contrast thresholds serves to maximize the speed and robustness of the subsequent line-finding stage of the overall process.

Referring further to procedure step 350 (FIG. 3), once all edge points are extracted, they are represented and stored in a data structure that is convenient for subsequent line-finders to operate upon. Note, for example, the following tuple:

p=(x,y,gx,gy,gm,go,I,gm/I,m,n)

where (x,y) is the location of the edge point, (g_(x),g_(y)) are the values of its respective x-gradient and y-gradient projections, (g_(m),g_(o)) is the gradient magnitude and orientation computed from (g_(x),g_(y)), I is the intensity at the edge point location, g_(m)/I is the intensity-normalized contrast obtained by dividing the gradient magnitude g_(m) by the intensity I, m is the image index and n is the projection region index. The location of the edge point, as in the standard caliper tool, can be interpolated for improved accuracy.

Note that the edge-point extraction process generally operates to run field projections in a single direction that substantially matches the expected line angle. The tool is, therefore, most sensitive to edges at this angle, and its sensitivity falls off gradually for edges at other angles, where the rate of fall-off depend on the granularity settings that indirectly determine the field projection length. As a result, the process is limited to finding lines whose angle is “near” the expected line angle, subject to the angle range specified by the user. While the process is adapted to find lines that are not orthogonal, it is contemplated that it could be generalized in various embodiments to find lines of any angle over 360 degrees by performing projections in multiple directions (omnidirectional line-finding), including orthogonal directions.

With reference now to step 360 of the procedure 300 (FIG. 3), thresholded edge point candidates are provided to the line-finder in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. By way of example, the line-finder operates recursively and employs (e.g.) RANdom SAmple Concensus (RANSAC)-based techniques. Reference is also made to the line-finding procedure 900 in FIG. 9. In step 910, the user specifies the maximum number of expected lines in an image, along with an expected angle, angle tolerance, distance tolerance, and (illustratively) a minimum coverage score (defined generally below) via (e.g.) the GUI. These parameters are used by the line-finder to operate the following processes. The lines are found for each subregion of the image by recursively running a RANSAC line-finder, the edge point outliers from one stage becoming the input points to the next stage. Thus, in step 920, the procedure 900 selects a pair of edge points that are part of the group of edge points identified as extrema in the edge-finding process. The procedure 900 attempts to fit a model line to the selected edge points based on matching gradient values (within the selected range of tolerance) that are consistent with a model line. In step 924, one or more line candidate(s) from step 922 is/are returned. Each line-finding stage returns a candidate line, its inliers and outliers. The returned line(s) is/are subjected to a computation of inlier edge points that have a position and gradient consistent with the line candidate (step 926). In step 928, the candidate line with the greatest inlier count is identified. The above-described line-finding stage (steps 920-928) terminates when it reaches the maximum number of RANSAC iterations allowed (decision step 930). The maximum number of iterations inside each line-finding stage are computed automatically using an internally computed worst case proportion of outliers and an assurance level specified by the user. Each line-finding stage returns the line with the maximum number of captured edge points out of all its iterations—subject to a user-specified fit tolerance, geometric constraints and polarity. Each edge point can only be assigned to the inlier list of a single line and each line is only allowed to contain at most one edge point from each projection region. The gradient orientation of an edge point, along with its position, is used to determine whether it should be included in the inlier list of a candidate line. In particular, edge points should have gradient orientation that is consistent with the angle of a candidate line.

If the decision step 930 determines that more iterations are permitted, the outliers from the best inlier candidate are returned (step 940) to the RANSAC process (step 920) for use in finding a line candidate.

During each RANSAC iteration, two edge points belonging to different projection regions are randomly selected and a line will be fit to those two points. The resulting candidate line receives further consideration only if its angle is consistent with the gradient angles of both edges in the point pair and if the angle of the line is consistent with the uncertainty range specified by the user. In general, the gradient direction of an edge point is nominally orthogonal, but is allowed to differ by a user-configured angle tolerance. If a candidate line passes these initial tests, then the number of inlier edge points will be evaluated, otherwise a new RANSAC iteration is initiated. An edge point will be regarded as an inlier of a candidate line only if its gradient direction and position are consistent with the line—based on gradient angle and distance tolerances specified by the user.

When the RANSAC iterations reach the maximum (decision step 930), the inliers of the best found line candidate are subjected to an improved line fit, using (for example) a least squares regression or another acceptable approximation technique, and the set of inlier edge points will be reevaluated, repeating these steps a maximum of N (e.g. three or more) times until the number of inliers ceases to further increase or decrease (step 960). This is the line that is indicated as found in step 970.

The decision step 980 determines whether more lines are to be found (based (e.g.) on searching further sub regions or another criteria), and if so, the process loops back to step 920 to operate on a new set of edge points (step 982). When the points have been exhausted or a maximum iteration count is reached, the procedure 900 returns a set of (i.e. multiple) found lines in the image in step 990.

The multi-line-finder is adapted to perform a final adjustment of existing results in cases where two line results intersect one another within the inspection region. As illustrated generally in FIGS. 10 and 11, for closely spaced parallel lines 1010 and 1020, erroneous line results (i.e. FIG. 10) can sometimes be obtained due to the statistical nature of the RANSAC procedure. However, when such errors occur, an exchange of inlier point groups (arrow 1120 in groups 1110 in FIG. 11) can sometimes locate the correct lines with increased coverage scores and reduced-fit residuals. Point exchanges can be most effective when an image contains closely spaced parallel lines as shown. Conversely, when the image contains lines 1210 and 1220 that actually do cross each other as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, then coverage scores are reduced after a point exchange (arrow 1230 in group 1240 in FIG. 12), so the original results obtained before the exchange are retained by the process to successfully detect crossing lines.

Note that the RANSAC procedure is one of a variety of techniques by which the line-finder can fit points to a line. In alternate embodiments, the candidate points can be selected according to a set displacement therebetween or the image can be processed using (e.g.) an exhaustive search technique. Thus, as used herein the reference to the RANSAC technique should be taken broadly to include a variety of similar point-fitting techniques.

Additional functionalities of this system and method can be provided. These include support for mixed-polarity, automatically computing the projection region width, support multi-view line-finding, and allowing the input image be free of pre-warpage to remove optical distortion. These functionalities are described further below.

With further reference to the examples of FIGS. 14-16, the line-finding system and method of the illustrative embodiment generally supports standard LightToDark, DarkToLight and Either polarity settings (respectively) for the contrast between edges that are found. In addition, the system and method can also support a mixed-polarity setting (FIG. 17) in which both a Light-To-Dark and Dark-to-Light characteristic appears in the same line. Line-finding results of all four settings are illustrated in the following figure. In an illustrative embodiment, the system and method can include a mixed-polarity setting that allows finding of a single line that contains edge points of opposite polarities. This differs from a conventional setting of “Either” polarity in which all edge points of a single line are either polarity—but only one polarity. The mixed-polarity setting can be advantageous when used to analyze the light and dark checkerboards of (e.g.) a calibration plate, among other applications.

The user can select improved shift invariance of line-finding. In such case, the edge point extractor employs substantially overlapped projection regions to improve result stability. When the regions are non-overlapping, pixels under consideration can potentially move out of the projection regions when the image is shifted, resulting in poor shift invariance in line-finding results. Overlapped projection regions ensure that the pixels under consideration are continuously covered by projection regions. If overlapped projection regions are used, then incremental computation can be performed to maintain speed, along with possible low-level optimization.

The user can provide masks that omit certain portions of the acquired image and/or imaged surface from analysis for line features. This can be desirable where the surface includes known line features that are not of interest (e.g. barcodes that are analyzed by other mechanisms, text, and any other structures that are not germane to the task for which lines are to be found. Thus, the edge point extractor can support image masking where “don't care” regions in an image can be masked out, and “care” regions are masked in. Where such masking occurs, the coverage scores of the found lines is illustratively reweighted according to the number of edge points falling within the mask.

Reference is made to the exemplary image region 1800 of FIG. 18, which shows coverage scores when image masks are present and the effect of image masking on such coverage scores. The edge point extractor supports image masking where “don't care regions” in an image can be masked out. As shown, the found line 1810 is characterized (based upon the “care” mask regions 1820) by care edge points. Such care edge points consist of care edge point inliers 1830 to the line 1810 and care edge point outliers 1840 to the line 1810. Don't care edge points 1850 on the line 1810 reside between care regions 1820 of the mask, as shown in this example, and are not included in the coverage score computation, even if they reside on the line as inliers. Potential locations 1860 for edge points along the line 1810 are also determined, as shown. These potential locations are positioned between known points at predictable spacing based on the spacing of found points. Illustratively, the coverage scores of the found lines are reweighted according to the number of edge points falling within the mask. The coverage score is, thus, modified as follows:

coverage score=number of care edge point inliers to line/(number of care edge point inliers to line+care edge point outliers to line+number of care potential locations of edge points).

After running the line-finding process according to the system and method herein, the found lines can be sorted in various ways based on sort criteria specified by the user (via (e.g.) the GUI). The user can choose from intrinsic sort measures such as inlier coverage score, intensity or contrast. The user can also choose from extrinsic sort measures such as signed distance or relative angle. When using extrinsic sort measures, the user can specify a reference line segment against which the extrinsic measures of the found lines are to be computed.

As described generally above, this system and method can include a Multi-Field-of-View (MFOV) overload, where a vector of images from different fields of view can be passed into the process. The images should all be in a common client coordinate space based upon a calibration. As noted above, this functionality can be extremely helpful in application scenarios where multiple cameras are used to capture partial areas of a single part. Because the edge points retain gradient information, line features that are projected between gaps in the field of view can still be resolved (when the gradients in both FOVs match for a given line orientation and alignment in each FOV.

Notably, the system and method does not require (allows the image to be free-of) removal of warpage (i.e. does not require the image to be unwarped) to remove nonlinear distortion, assuming the distortion is non-severe. Where the image is not unwarped, the system and method can still detect candidate edge points, and map the point positions and gradient vectors through a nonlinear transform.

III. Line Labelling Training Interface and Runtime Process

With reference again to FIG. 1, the vision system process(or) 130 further includes a label interface and associated process(or) 136 used in training and runtime as described below. Additionally, the vision system process(or) includes, or interfaces with, a neural net, a statistical classifier and/or a K-nearest neighbor (K-NN classifier) process(or) 138, which receives image data and associated classifiers from a process(or) 137, which interfaces with the label process 136, as described below. The label interface process(or) 136 operates at training time to allow a user to associate specific (typically textual/alphanumeric) descriptions (herein termed “labels” or “tags”), with lines of interest in an image of an object. These processes(ors) enhance the functionality of the above-described line-finding tool by providing the added ability to automatically label found lines in the tool results.

Reference is made to FIG. 19, which shows a procedure 1900 for training a line-finding process, such as that described above. The training procedure 1900 includes user-provided labels (typically in textual and/or alphanumeric form) for lines of interest. In step 1910, the user reviews a training image of the object—which is typically an actual image of a model object, but can also be partially or fully, generated by a CAD or other synthetic approach. The user identifies lines within the image that are of interest—for example the edge of a cover glass in a tablet or smart phone. Labels such as, “Inner Housing Inner Edge”, “Outer Housing Inner Edge”, etc. can be created to describe the lines of interest. The user accesses (from a list of possible labels) or creates a series of terms that define the lines and these are stored in a database for use in training the image (step 1920).

The user acquires or accesses one or more training images of the object under inspection by the vision system, and operates the training process(or) thereon (step 1930). The training process includes operation of the line-finding tool described above. The tool uses user-set parameters to automatically find multiple lines in each training image.

With reference also to FIG. 20, a user interface display screen 2000 is shown. The display screen 2000 contains a window 2010 that depicts a training image of the object under inspection by the vision system. The image contains a series of found lines, generally denoted by highlighted indicia 2020, 2022, 2024, 2026, 2028 and 2029. The display highlights (often in a different color) of a particular line of interest 2032—the exemplary “Inner Housing Inner Edge” as described below that has been clicked-upon or flagged by the user, to apply a label. Indicia 2022-2026 relate to lines that are not of particular interest/relevance to the vision system task and/or have not been clicked upon. In general, a “line” as defined herein is essentially a linear step edge in an image, in which the line-finder returns a mathematical line fit as a result. In the case of the element 2030 (which is also a relevant edge to the task and will be labelled by the user during training), two associated step edges (see 2028 and 2029) are depicted on either side thereof.

The user, accesses a menu 2040 that includes the defined labels 2042, 2044, 2046 and 2048. The user can click on the desired label using the cursor 2050 or other interface component, and then clicks on the found line of interest (line 2030) to establish a label on that particular line (step 1940). Note that it is unnecessary to label all found lines, but only the relevant lines as desired by the user. If one or more of the relevant lines is/are missing from an image, then the label associated with that line remains unassigned.

After labeling the line results of the set of training images, the tool is trained and that data is stored in an appropriate database with respect to the object/vision system task (step 1950). Subsequently, when the trained tool is run on images, the tool will not only find multiple lines, but it will also automatically assign to each found line a unique label (or possibly no label if a found line is not relevant to the user's application). This saves the user from having to post-process line results (e.g. in script code) to determine the identity of each found line.

According to (optional) step 1960, the identified (labelled) lines can be provided to a neural network tool for processing and scoring of line features of the image during runtime. Parameters are provided to the neural network outside of the training interface provided to the user, and can be pre-programmed—for example optimized parameters to search for line features in the image. Hence, the user is only responsible for assigning text labels to the line-finder results at train time. The neural network (or another process—described generally below) is used to probability-score candidate line features that are returned by the line finding tool described above. More particularly, at training time, once the lines are found a training window 2010, and the user selects a name for the lines he/she wants to label, a neural network classifier is also created under for each of these labelled lines. The classifier can employ the same (or similar) name as the labels that the user defined and applied in the training interface 2000. For example, if the user selects a line and assigns the label “Inner Housing Inner Edge” then the process creates a classifier with the same name, and adds the current image along with the line feature vector to the classifier.

A variety of commercially available neural network tools can be employed, with appropriate programming that is customized or in accordance with skill in the art, to extract line feature candidates from in input image. It should also be clear that the above-described line finding process is exemplary of a variety of line-finding tools and techniques that deliver found lines from an image.

Reference is now made to the runtime procedure 2100 of FIG. 21. in which a runtime image of the object is acquired and/or provided from a previous acquisition process (step 2110). This image is passed to the vision system and associated processor 130, which operates the line finding tool 134 described above based on the trained model, including the relevant labels (step 2120). The line-finding tool returns all found lines, both labeled and unlabeled. Next, in step 2130, the neural networks (or other processes using classifiers—described below) created at train time are run, and a probability score map is obtained. The probability score map is a map of whether a pixel corresponds to the feature vector for which the neural network has been trained. This probability score map is the same size as image. Then each found line is sampled at regular intervals, and the probability score is integrated for each tool from the score map. In step 2140, labels are then assigned to lines based on which line has maximum probability score for each label. In step 2150, the results of the line-finding step, with associated label and probability score is stored and displayed for the user, and/or employed for other downstream utilization tasks, such as part inspection (pass/fail), robot control, etc.

FIG. 22 shows a display of runtime results on an exemplary runtime object (based upon the training object of FIG. 20) in which a relevant line (step edge) 2210 is highlighted. Additional relevant lines (e.g. lower highlight 2228 around linear feature 2310) are depicted, and correspond to other lines of interest that were trained in the training step. Several non-relevant lines are also highlighted (2220, 2222, 2224). The user has clicked upon one of the non-relevant lines (highlight 2220), which depicts “No Tag” in its respective information window 2230, and shows a corresponding probability score of zero. Conversely, in FIG. 23, the display 2300, which shows the same results as display 2200 in FIG. 22, provides an information box 2320 for a relevant line 2210 with the label “Inner Housing Inner Edge”. This represents the user-labeled line feature from training time and the probability score for such is 0.635, meaning that the found line is more likely than not, the correct labeled one.

By way of example, the neural net classifier described hereinabove receives an image (pixel data) as an input along with the features defining the line segment. The output of the neural net classifier is a set of images where each pixel in a single image is the confidence whether that corresponding input pixel coincides with the trained line segment. The number of output images is the same as the number of line segments the classifier has been trained upon. The desired output images that the network is trained to reproduce on can be binary or grayscale representations of the spatial probability distribution, narrow ridges of high probability corresponding to the high gradient edges of the line or other trained pattern. At runtime, the classifier receives an input image and generates a set of output images highlighting the areas where the neural net concludes that the trained line segment might be associated with the current label/tag.

Alternatively, a classifier can be statistically trained. The inputs to this statistically trained classifier can be provided as a feature vector that comprises measured properties of the current line segment (e.g. polarity, position, angle, etc.) along with measured properties that describe the relationship between the current line segment and its neighboring line segments (e.g. distance to the closest line, relative angle, etc.) or computed properties of the image in the vicinity of the line segment (e.g. a 1D intensity image projection tangent to the line segment, intensity histogram statistics, etc.). Accordingly, as used herein, the term “classifier” can refer to a neural net classifier or a statistically trained classifier that produces labels. The term can also refer to a K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) classifier and/or process(or). Where a statistical classifier and/or K-NN classifier is employed, the output of probably scores or maps may be omitted from the procedures 1900 and 2100, and not provided as part of the label/tag display in the interface. However, such classifiers still advantageously allow for refinement of the label process.

IV. Conclusion

It should be clear that the line-finder provided according to the system, and method and various alternate embodiments/improvements is an effective and robust tool for determining multiple line features under a variety of conditions. In general, when used to find line features, the system and method has no particular limit on the maximum number of lines to be found in an image. Found lines can be labeled and classified so that their probable correctness can be determined, thereby increasing the versatility and robustness of the line-finding process.

The foregoing has been a detailed description of illustrative embodiments of the invention. Various modifications and additions can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. Features of each of the various embodiments described above may be combined with features of other described embodiments as appropriate in order to provide a multiplicity of feature combinations in associated new embodiments. Furthermore, while the foregoing describes a number of separate embodiments of the apparatus and method of the present invention, what has been described herein is merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. For example, as used herein the terms “process” and/or “processor” should be taken broadly to include a variety of electronic hardware and/or software based functions and components (and can alternatively be termed functional “modules” or “elements”). Moreover, a depicted process or processor can be combined with other processes and/or processors or divided into various sub-processes or processors. Such sub-processes and/or sub-processors can be variously combined according to embodiments herein. Likewise, it is expressly contemplated that any function, process and/or processor herein can be implemented using electronic hardware, software consisting of a non-transitory computer-readable medium of program instructions, or a combination of hardware and software. Additionally, as used herein various directional and dispositional terms such as “vertical”, “horizontal”, “up”, “down”, “bottom”, “top”, “side”, “front”, “rear”, “left”, “right”, and the like, are used only as relative conventions and not as absolute directions/dispositions with respect to a fixed coordinate space, such as the acting direction of gravity. Additionally, where the term “substantially” or “approximately” is employed with respect to a given measurement, value or characteristic, it refers to a quantity that is within a normal operating range to achieve desired results, but that includes some variability due to inherent inaccuracy and error within the allowed tolerances of the system (e.g. 1-5 percent). Accordingly, this description is meant to be taken only by way of example, and not to otherwise limit the scope of this invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for finding line features in an acquired image based upon one or more cameras comprising: a vision system processor; an interface associated with the vision system processor, that allows creation of discrete labels with respect to relevant lines located by a line-finding process in a training image of the object; a runtime line-finding process that locates lines in an acquired image; a neural net process that employs classifiers, based on the labels, to determine a probability map for line features relative to the labels; and a runtime result-generation process that provides labels and probability scores for at least one of the relevant lines.
 2. The vision system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the runtime result-generation process provides probability scores for non-relevant lines.
 3. The vision system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the result-generation process includes an interface that highlights lines and provides the probability scores associated with the highlighted lines.
 4. The vision system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the probably score map is similar in size to the acquired image.
 5. The vision system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the classifier process employs at least one of a neural net classifier and a statistically trained classifier.
 6. The vision system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the line-finding process comprises a processor that receives image data of a scene containing line features, having an edge point extractor that (a) computes a gradient vector field from the image data, (b) projects the gradient vector field over a plurality of gradient projection sub-regions, and (c) finds a plurality of edge points in respective of the gradient projection sub-regions based on the projected gradient data; and a line-finder that generates a plurality of lines that are consistent with the edge points extracted from the image.
 7. The system as set forth in claim 6 wherein the line-finder operates a RANSAC-based process to fit inlier edge points to new lines including iteratively defining lines from outlier edge points with respect to previously defined lines.
 8. The system as set forth in claim 6 wherein the gradient field projection is oriented along a direction set in response to an expected orientation of one or more or the line features.
 9. The system as set forth in claim 6 wherein the gradient field projection defines a granularity based on a Gaussian kernel.
 10. The system as set forth in claim 6 wherein the edge point extractor is arranged to find a plurality of gradient magnitude maxima in each of the gradient projection sub-regions, wherein the gradient magnitude maxima are respectively identified as some of the plurality edge points, being described by a position vector and a gradient vector.
 11. The system as set forth in claim 6 wherein the line-finder is arranged to determine consistency between at least one edge point of the extracted plurality of edge points and at least one candidate line of the found plurality of lines by computing a metric that is based upon a distance of the at least one edge point from the at least one candidate line and an angle difference between a gradient direction of the at least one edge point and a normal direction of the at least one candidate line.
 12. A system for finding line features in an acquired image based upon one or more cameras comprising: a vision system processor; an interface associated with the vision system processor, that allows creation of discrete labels with respect to relevant lines located by a line-finding process in a training image of the object; a runtime line-finding process that locates lines in an acquired image; and a statistical classifier that produces the labels for the interface based upon lines located by the line-finding process.
 13. A system for finding line features in an acquired image based upon one or more cameras comprising: a vision system processor; an interface associated with the vision system processor, that allows creation of discrete labels with respect to relevant lines located by a line-finding process in a training image of the object; a runtime line-finding process that locates lines in an acquired image; and a K-NN classifier that produces the labels for the interface based upon lines located by the line-finding process.
 14. A method for finding line features in an acquired image, based upon one or more cameras, comprising the steps of: providing an interface associated with the vision system processor that allows creation of discrete labels with respect to relevant lines located by a line-finding process in a training image of the object; locating, with a runtime line-finding process, found lines in an acquired image; and generating, with a classifier, labels for at least one of the relevant found lines.
 15. The method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the classifiers include at least one neural net classifier, and further comprising, employing the at least one neural net classifier that, based on the labels, determine a probability map for found line features relative to the labels, and generating provides probability scores for non-relevant found lines.
 16. The method as set forth in claim 15 wherein the step of generating includes highlighting, in an interface, found lines and providing the probability scores associated with the highlighted lines.
 17. The method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the classifiers are at least one of neural net classifiers, statistically trained classifiers and K-NN classifiers.
 18. The method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the line-finding process receives image data of a scene containing line features, having an edge point extractor that (a) computes a gradient vector field from the image data, (b) projects the gradient vector field over a plurality of gradient projection sub-regions, and (c) finds a plurality of edge points in respective of the gradient projection sub-regions based on the projected gradient data; and computing a plurality of lines that are consistent with the edge points extracted from the image.
 19. The method as set forth in claim 18 wherein the step of computing operates a RANSAC-based process to fit inlier edge points to new lines including iteratively defining lines from outlier edge points with respect to previously defined lines.
 20. The method a set forth in claim 18 wherein the gradient field projection is oriented along a direction set in response to an expected orientation of one or more or the line features.
 21. The method as set forth in claim 18 wherein the edge point extractor finds a plurality of gradient magnitude maxima in each of the gradient projection sub-regions, wherein the gradient magnitude maxima are respectively identified as some of the plurality edge points, being described by a position vector and a gradient vector.
 22. The method as set forth in claim 18 wherein the line-finder determines consistency between at least one edge point of the extracted plurality of edge points and at least one candidate line of the found plurality of lines by computing a metric that is based upon a distance of the at least one edge point from the at least one candidate line and an angle difference between a gradient direction of the at least one edge point and a normal direction of the at least one candidate line. 